GATE (TF) Textile 2015 Question Paper Solution | GATE/2015/TF/44

Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from polymerized acrylonitrile, a type of plastic. They are commonly used in a variety of applications due to their unique properties. Some of the main applications of acrylic fibers include:
Textiles and Apparel: Acrylic fibers are used in textiles and apparel to make a wide range of products such as sweaters, blankets, socks, gloves, and hats. Acrylic fibers are lightweight, soft, and warm, making them ideal for creating cozy and comfortable clothing items.
Home Furnishings: Acrylic fibers are used in home furnishings such as carpets, rugs, upholstery, and curtains. They are known for their durability, colorfastness, and resistance to fading, making them suitable for high-traffic areas in homes and offices.
Outdoor and Sports Gear: Acrylic fibers are used in outdoor and sports gear such as outdoor clothing, sleeping bags, tents, and backpacks. They are water-resistant, quick-drying, and can retain their insulation properties even when wet, making them suitable for outdoor activities.
Industrial and Technical Textiles: Acrylic fibers are used in industrial and technical textiles, including filters, ropes, awnings, and geotextiles. They are known for their strength, abrasion resistance, and resistance to chemicals and UV radiation, making them suitable for various industrial applications.
Craft and Hobby Applications: Acrylic fibers are used in craft and hobby applications, such as yarn for knitting and crocheting, as well as for making craft items like doll hair, decorations, and accessories. They are available in a wide range of colors, textures, and thicknesses, making them versatile for various creative projects.
Medical Textiles: Acrylic fibers are used in medical textiles for applications such as wound dressings, bandages, and surgical drapes. They are hypoallergenic, lightweight, and soft, making them suitable for medical use.
Automotive Textiles: Acrylic fibers are used in automotive textiles for applications such as car interiors, seat covers, and floor mats. They are known for their durability, colorfastness, and resistance to wear and tear, making them suitable for automotive use.
Carpeting: Acrylic fibers are used in carpeting due to their softness, durability, and resistance to fading and stains. Acrylic carpets are known for their vibrant colors, and they can be used in both residential and commercial settings.
Toys and Dolls: Acrylic fibers are used in the manufacturing of toys and dolls, including stuffed animals, dolls’ hair, and other soft toys. They are soft, lightweight, and hypoallergenic, making them suitable for use in children’s toys.

These are just some of the many applications of acrylic fibers. Their unique combination of properties makes them versatile and widely used in various industries and products.

Jute is a type of natural fiber that comes from the stem of the jute plant (Corchorus spp.), which is native to tropical and subtropical regions, primarily in Bangladesh and India. Jute fibers are long, soft, and shiny, and are primarily composed of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants.
Jute fibers are extracted from the inner bark (phloem) of the jute plant stems. The plants are harvested when they reach maturity, usually around 100-120 days after sowing, and the stems are then soaked in water to loosen the fibers. The outer bark is removed, and the inner fibers are separated by a process called retting, which involves fermentation or microbial action. The fibers are then washed, dried, and sorted by size and quality.
Jute fibers have several unique properties that make them suitable for various applications, such as their high tensile strength, low extensibility, good insulation properties, and biodegradability. They are also relatively low cost and abundant, making them an attractive option for various industries that value sustainable and eco-friendly materials.
Jute fibers are primarily used in the production of textiles and packaging materials, but they also find applications in agriculture, home furnishings, handicrafts, fashion, construction, and other industrial sectors. Jute is considered an eco-friendly and renewable resource as it is biodegradable, requires minimal use of fertilizers and pesticides during cultivation, and has a low carbon footprint compared to synthetic fibers.

Jute fibers are obtained from the jute plant, a natural fiber that is primarily grown in regions such as Bangladesh, India, and other countries with warm and humid climates. Jute fibers are commonly used in a wide range of applications due to their unique properties. Some of the main applications of jute fibers include:
Textiles and Apparel: Jute fibers are used to make textiles and apparel such as sacks, bags, ropes, twines, and mats. Jute textiles are known for their strength, durability, and biodegradability, making them suitable for various packaging and storage applications.
Home Furnishings: Jute fibers are used in home furnishings such as carpets, rugs, curtains, and table linens. Jute carpets and rugs are known for their natural and rustic appearance, and they can add a touch of warmth and elegance to interior spaces.
Agriculture and Horticulture: Jute fibers are used in agriculture and horticulture for applications such as erosion control, soil improvement, and plant protection. Jute geotextiles are used to prevent soil erosion on slopes, riverbanks, and road embankments, as they provide effective reinforcement and stabilization.
Packaging and Sacking: Jute fibers are widely used for packaging applications, such as the production of jute sacks and bags. Jute sacks are commonly used for packaging commodities such as grains, coffee, cocoa, and potatoes due to their strength, breathability, and eco-friendly nature.
Handicrafts and Decorative Items: Jute fibers are used in handicrafts and decorative items such as wall hangings, lampshades, baskets, and other home decor accessories. Jute’s natural texture and color make it a popular choice for adding a rustic and eco-friendly touch to interior design.
Furniture and Upholstery: Jute fibers are used in furniture and upholstery for applications such as webbing, padding, and filling. Jute webbing is commonly used in the construction of seat and back supports in furniture, while jute padding is used for cushioning and insulation.
Fashion and Accessories: Jute fibers are used in fashion and accessories, including footwear, bags, hats, and jewelry. Jute’s natural and sustainable appeal has gained popularity in the fashion industry as a eco-friendly alternative to synthetic materials.
Industrial Applications: Jute fibers are used in various industrial applications, such as in the production of paper, filters, and composite materials. Jute’s high cellulose content and strength make it suitable for these applications.
Geo-textiles and Construction: Jute fibers are used in geo-textiles and construction materials, such as erosion control mats, soil stabilizers, and wall coverings. Jute-based geo-textiles are used in civil engineering projects for erosion control, slope stabilization, and landscaping.
These are some of the main applications of jute fibers. Jute’s natural and eco-friendly properties make it a sustainable and versatile material with a wide range of applications in various industries.

Nylon fiber is a type of synthetic fiber that is made from polymers known as polyamides. Nylon was first invented by Wallace Carothers of DuPont in the 1930s and has since become one of the most widely used synthetic fibers due to its durability, strength, and versatility.
Nylon fibers are created through a process called polymerization, where monomers (small molecules) are chemically bonded together to form long chains of polymers. The resulting nylon polymer can be spun into fine fibers that can be used for various applications. There are different types of nylon fibers, including nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, and others, which have different properties and characteristics depending on their chemical composition and structure.
Nylon fibers have several properties that make them suitable for various applications, including:
Strength and Durability: Nylon fibers are known for their high tensile strength and durability, which make them ideal for use in applications that require robust and long-lasting materials, such as ropes, fishing nets, and automotive parts.
Elasticity: Nylon fibers have good elasticity, which allows them to stretch and return to their original shape without losing their strength. This property makes nylon fibers suitable for applications that require flexibility, such as hosiery, athletic wear, and upholstery.
Resistance to Moisture, Chemicals, and Abrasion: Nylon fibers are resistant to moisture, chemicals, and abrasion, which make them suitable for applications that involve exposure to harsh environments, such as outdoor gear, carpets, and industrial materials.
Lightweight: Nylon fibers are lightweight, which makes them suitable for applications where weight is a concern, such as in aerospace and automotive industries.
Versatility: Nylon fibers can be produced in a variety of forms, including monofilament, multifilament, and staple fibers, which allows them to be used in a wide range of applications, including textiles, industrial materials, and consumer goods.
Thermal Stability: Nylon fibers have good thermal stability, making them suitable for applications that involve high temperatures, such as in automotive parts and industrial filters.
Due to their properties, nylon fibers are used in a wide range of applications, including textiles, carpets, ropes, fishing nets, automotive parts, industrial materials, consumer goods, and many others.

Nylon fibers are versatile and widely used in various applications due to their strength, durability, elasticity, and other properties. Some common applications of nylon fibers include:
Textiles: Nylon fibers are commonly used in the production of textiles, including apparel, hosiery, lingerie, activewear, and upholstery. Nylon fibers can be spun into different forms, such as filament yarns or staple fibers, to create fabrics that are soft, lightweight, and durable.
Industrial Materials: Nylon fibers are used in various industrial applications, such as ropes, fishing nets, conveyor belts, hoses, and tire cords. Nylon’s high tensile strength and durability make it suitable for heavy-duty applications where strength and reliability are important.
Automotive Parts: Nylon fibers are used in the production of automotive parts, including engine covers, air intake manifolds, fuel lines, and gears. Nylon’s thermal stability, strength, and lightweight properties make it suitable for use in automotive components that require high-performance materials.
Carpets and Floor Coverings: Nylon fibers are commonly used in the production of carpets and floor coverings due to their durability, abrasion resistance, and stain resistance. Nylon carpets are known for their resilience, long-lasting performance, and wide range of design options.
Sports Equipment: Nylon fibers are used in various sports equipment, such as tennis strings, fishing lines, hockey sticks, and climbing ropes. Nylon’s strength, durability, and elasticity make it suitable for use in sports gear that requires high performance and reliability.
Consumer Goods: Nylon fibers are used in a wide range of consumer goods, including luggage, backpacks, handbags, wallets, and outdoor gear. Nylon’s lightweight, durable, and water-resistant properties make it suitable for producing consumer goods that are functional and long-lasting.
Medical Applications: Nylon fibers are used in some medical applications, such as sutures, surgical meshes, and implantable devices, due to their biocompatibility, strength, and flexibility.
Filtration: Nylon fibers are used in the production of filters, such as air filters and liquid filters, due to their high filtration efficiency, durability, and resistance to chemicals and abrasion.
Packaging: Nylon fibers are used in the production of packaging materials, such as food packaging films, industrial packaging, and protective packaging, due to their strength, moisture resistance, and barrier properties.
These are just some of the many applications of nylon fibers. Nylon’s versatility and properties make it a popular choice in a wide range of industries and products where strength, durability, flexibility, and other characteristics are important.

Polypropylene fiber is a type of synthetic fiber that is made from polypropylene, which is a thermoplastic polymer. Polypropylene is a widely used polymer due to its high strength, durability, resistance to moisture, chemicals, and UV radiation, and its low cost of production. Polypropylene fibers can be produced through various methods, such as melt spinning, staple spinning, and melt blowing.
Polypropylene fibers have several properties that make them suitable for various applications, including:
Lightweight: Polypropylene fibers are lightweight, which makes them ideal for applications where weight is a concern, such as in automotive parts, filtration, and geotextiles.
High Strength: Polypropylene fibers have high tensile strength, which makes them suitable for applications that require robust and durable materials, such as ropes, twines, and industrial packaging.
Moisture Resistance: Polypropylene fibers are resistant to moisture, which makes them suitable for use in applications that involve exposure to water or other liquids, such as geotextiles, carpets, and outdoor textiles.
Chemical Resistance: Polypropylene fibers are resistant to many chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and solvents, making them suitable for use in applications that involve exposure to harsh chemicals, such as filtration, automotive parts, and industrial materials.
Thermal Stability: Polypropylene fibers have good thermal stability, making them suitable for applications that involve high temperatures, such as automotive parts and geotextiles.
Low Absorbency: Polypropylene fibers have low absorbency, which makes them suitable for use in applications that require quick drying or moisture management, such as in outdoor textiles, diapers, and sanitary products.
Excellent Dielectric Properties: Polypropylene fibers are electrically insulating, making them suitable for use in applications that require electrical insulation, such as in cables and wires.
Eco-friendly: Polypropylene fibers are recyclable and can be manufactured with low environmental impact, making them a more sustainable option compared to some other synthetic fibers.
Due to their properties, polypropylene fibers are used in a wide range of applications, including ropes, twines, geotextiles, automotive parts, filtration, industrial packaging, outdoor textiles, carpets, diapers, sanitary products, and many others.

Polypropylene fibers are used in various applications due to their unique properties. Some common applications of polypropylene fibers include:
Geotextiles: Polypropylene fibers are used in geotextiles, which are synthetic fabrics used in civil engineering and construction applications for erosion control, soil stabilization, drainage, and separation of different soil layers.
Automotive Parts: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of automotive parts, such as interior trim components, seat covers, carpets, and door panels, due to their lightweight, durability, and resistance to moisture and chemicals.
Ropes and Twines: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of ropes, twines, and cords for various applications, such as marine ropes, agricultural twines, packaging twines, and household ropes, due to their high strength, low weight, and resistance to moisture and chemicals.
Filtration: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of filters, such as air filters, water filters, and oil filters, due to their high filtration efficiency, chemical resistance, and low absorbency.
Packaging: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of packaging materials, such as woven sacks, bulk bags (commonly known as FIBCs or “big bags”), and flexible packaging films, due to their high strength, moisture resistance, and lightweight properties.
Outdoor Textiles: Polypropylene fibers are used in outdoor textiles, such as outdoor furniture, camping gear, and sports equipment, due to their durability, moisture resistance, and UV resistance.
Hygiene Products: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of hygiene products, such as diapers, sanitary napkins, and wipes, due to their low absorbency, softness, and moisture management properties.
Agriculture: Polypropylene fibers are used in agriculture for applications such as crop protection, crop covers, and erosion control due to their durability, resistance to chemicals, and UV resistance.
Packaging Materials: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of packaging materials, such as tapes, strapping, and wrapping films, due to their strength, flexibility, and resistance to moisture and chemicals.
Furniture: Polypropylene fibers are used in the production of furniture, such as chairs and sofas, for added durability, moisture resistance, and ease of cleaning.
These are just some of the many applications of polypropylene fibers. Due to their versatile properties, polypropylene fibers are used in a wide range of industries and products where lightweight, durability, moisture resistance, and other characteristics are important.