GATE (TF) Textile 2022 Question Paper Solution | GATE/2022/TF/28

Crystallinity refers to the degree to which a material is composed of a regular arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions. It is a measure of the amount of ordered structure in a material, and is expressed as a ratio of the crystalline (ordered) regions to the amorphous (disordered) regions. A material with a high degree of crystallinity will have a well-defined crystal structure, while a material with low crystallinity will have a more disordered structure. Crystallinity is a property of many materials, including polymers, ceramics, and metals, and is important in determining the physical, mechanical, and optical properties of these materials.

WAXD stands for Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction, which is a type of X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique used to determine the crystal structure of a material. XRD is a powerful analytical tool for studying the crystalline nature of materials, and WAXD specifically utilizes a wide angular range of X-ray beams to generate diffraction patterns that provide information about the crystal structure and lattice parameters of the material. WAXD is commonly used in fields such as materials science, physics, and chemistry, and can be used to study a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and biological samples.

TGA stands for Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, which is a type of analytical technique used to determine the thermal stability and decomposition behavior of materials. In TGA, a sample is subjected to a controlled temperature ramp while its weight is continuously monitored. The weight loss of the sample as a function of temperature provides information about the thermal decomposition of the sample, including the temperature at which decomposition occurs and the amount of weight loss. TGA can be used to study a variety of materials, including polymers, ceramics, metals, and biological samples, and is a useful tool in fields such as materials science, chemistry, and environmental science.

Birefringence is a property of materials in which light passing through the material is split into two separate beams that have different polarization states. This occurs because the material has anisotropic, or directional-dependent, optical properties, meaning that the material has different indices of refraction for light polarized in different directions. Birefringence is a result of the different optical paths taken by the two polarized beams, which cause the beams to emerge with different phase shifts, resulting in a double image or colored fringes. Birefringence is found in many natural materials, such as quartz and calcite, as well as in man-made materials, such as polymers and liquid crystals, and plays an important role in many areas of science and engineering, including optics, photonics, and materials science.

SEM stands for Scanning Electron Microscopy, which is a type of electron microscopy used to study the surface structure and composition of materials at high resolution. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a sample, and the electrons that are emitted from the sample as a result of the interaction with the electron beam are used to form an image of the sample’s surface. SEM provides information about the surface structure, topography, and composition of materials, and can be used to study a wide range of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and biological samples. SEM is a widely used tool in fields such as materials science, chemistry, and biology, and is particularly useful for studying the surface features of materials at a high level of detail.